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For Marcel Mauss, Durkheim's nephew and sometime collaborator, a total social fact (French fait social total) is "an activity that has implications throughout society, in the economic, legal, political, and religious spheres." [8] Diverse strands of social and psychological life are woven together through what he came to call total social facts.
Speculative design is a design practice concerned with future design proposals of a critical nature. The term was popularised by Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby as a subsidiary of critical design . The aim is not to present commercially-driven design proposals but to design proposals that identify and debate crucial issues that might happen in the ...
In social science, agency is the capacity of individuals to have the power and resources to fulfill their potential. Social structure consists of those factors of influence (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ability, customs, etc.) that determine or limit agents and their decisions. [1]
Methodologically, social complexity is theory-neutral, meaning that it accommodates both local and global approaches to sociological research. [2] The very idea of social complexity arises out of the historical-comparative methods of early sociologists; obviously, this method is important in developing, defining, and refining the theoretical ...
Anthony Giddens has developed structuration theory in such works as The Constitution of Society (1984). [7] He presents a developed attempt to move beyond the dualism of structure and agency and argues for the "duality of structure" – where social structure is both the medium and the outcome of social action , and agents and structures as ...
A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or irrelevant answers. [ 1 ] Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the nature of knowledge (see epistemology ) and reality (see ontology ), often shaped ...
During the 20th century, philosopher John Searle and sociologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann argued that some socially constructed realities—such as property ownership, citizenship, and marital status—should be considered forms of objective fact, and posited the existence of such socially constructed objective facts as a philosophical or methodological problem to be explored.
early anticipation (of societal issues and potential controversies); interactivity (encouraging stakeholders and publics to assume an active role in co-designing research agendas); interdisciplinarity (bridging boundaries between research communities such as for instance bioethics and STS).