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Earth pigments are naturally occurring minerals that have been used since prehistoric times as pigments. Among the primary types of earth pigments include the reddish-brown ochres , siennas , and umbers , which contain various amounts of iron oxides and manganese oxides .
Ochre pigment. Ochre (/ ˈ oʊ k ər / OH-kər; from Ancient Greek ὤχρα (ṓkhra), from ὠχρός (ōkhrós) 'pale'), iron ochre, or ocher in American English, is a natural clay earth pigment, a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. [2]
Arsenic pigments. Realgar: As 4 S 4 - a highly toxic natural pigment. Cadmium pigments. Cadmium red (PR108): cadmium sulfo-selenide (Cd2SSe). Cerium pigments. Cerium sulfide red (PR265). Iron oxide pigments. Sanguine, Caput mortuum, Indian red, Venetian red, oxide red (PR102). Red ochre (PR102): anhydrous Fe 2 O 3.
The pigment is also known as red earth, red ochre, and terra rossa. On the Color Index International, the pigment is known as PR-102. This version is from the Italian Ferrario 1919 color list. The first recorded use of burnt sienna as a color name in English was in 1853. [19]
Umber is a natural brown pigment extracted from clay containing iron, manganese, and hydroxides. [11] Umber has diverse hues, ranging from yellow-brown to reddish-brown and even green-brown. The color shade varies depending on the proportions of the components. When heated, umber becomes a more intense color and can look almost black.
Van Dyke (Vandyke) brown, also known as Cassel earth or Cologne earth, is a deep, rich, and warm brown colour often used in painting and printmaking. Early publications on the pigment refer to it as Cassel (or Kassel) earth or Cologne earth in reference to its city of origin; however, today it is typically called Van Dyke brown after the painter Anthony van Dyck.
[3]: 225 The pigment ranged in hue from a muted, earthy, reddish yellow to a bright light yellow. A Latin treatise from the late 17th century by Andrea Pozzo referred to the pigment as luteolum napolitanum, which is the first recorded use of the term "Naples yellow"; its English name first appeared in print in 1738.
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