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Mitochondrial ROS attack DNA readily, generating a variety of DNA damages such as oxidized bases and strand breaks. The major mechanism that cells use to repair oxidized bases such as 8-hydroxyguanine, formamidopyrimidine and 5-hydroxyuracil is base excision repair (BER). [14] BER occurs in both the cell nucleus and in mitochondria.
In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are catalyzed by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cell's outer membrane. These linked sets of proteins are called the electron transport chain. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved ...
The mitochondria contains its own set of DNA used to produce proteins found in the electron transport chain. The mitochondrial DNA only codes for about thirteen proteins that are used in processing mitochondrial transcripts, ribosomal proteins , ribosomal RNA , transfer RNA , and protein subunits found in the protein complexes of the electron ...
These electrons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction equivalents to generate ATP. The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. To circumvent this, malate carries the reducing equivalents across the ...
If too much damage is present in mitochondria, a cell undergoes apoptosis or programmed cell death. [26] [27] In addition, ROS are produced in immune cell signaling via the NOX pathway. Phagocytic cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear phagocytes produce ROS when stimulated. [28] [29]
This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae. Cristae membranes are studded on the matrix side with small round protein complexes known as F 1 particles, the site of proton-gradient driven ATP synthesis. Cristae affect overall chemiosmotic function of ...
A crista (/ ˈ k r ɪ s t ə /; pl.: cristae) is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.The name is from the Latin for crest or plume, and it gives the inner membrane its characteristic wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on.
Immune cells can be divided into myeloid cells and lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells, including macrophages and neutrophils , are especially implicated in the respiratory burst. [ 1 ] They are phagocytic , and the respiratory burst is vital for the subsequent degradation of internalised bacteria or other pathogens .