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  2. George F. Simmons - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Simmons

    George Finlay Simmons (March 3, 1925 [1] – August 6, 2019) [2] [3] was an American mathematician who worked in topology and classical analysis. He is known as the author of widely used textbooks on university mathematics.

  3. Topology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology

    A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...

  4. Pointless topology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless_topology

    In mathematics, pointless topology, also called point-free topology (or pointfree topology) and locale theory, is an approach to topology that avoids mentioning points, and in which the lattices of open sets are the primitive notions. [1] In this approach it becomes possible to construct topologically interesting spaces from purely algebraic ...

  5. List of topologies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topologies

    The following is a list of named topologies or topological spaces, many of which are counterexamples in topology and related branches of mathematics. This is not a list of properties that a topology or topological space might possess; for that, see List of general topology topics and Topological property.

  6. General topology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_topology

    General topology grew out of a number of areas, most importantly the following: the detailed study of subsets of the real line (once known as the topology of point sets; this usage is now obsolete) the introduction of the manifold concept; the study of metric spaces, especially normed linear spaces, in the early days of functional analysis.

  7. Introduction to 3-Manifolds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_3-Manifolds

    Introduction to 3-Manifolds is a mathematics book on low-dimensional topology. It was written by Jennifer Schultens and published by the American Mathematical Society in 2014 as volume 151 of their book series Graduate Studies in Mathematics.

  8. Topological space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space

    In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance.More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called points, along with an additional structure called a topology, which can be defined as a set of neighbourhoods for each point that satisfy some axioms ...

  9. CW complex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CW_complex

    The topology of the CW complex is the topology of the quotient space defined by these gluing maps. In general, an n-dimensional CW complex is constructed by taking the disjoint union of a k -dimensional CW complex (for some k < n {\displaystyle k<n} ) with one or more copies of the n -dimensional ball .