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Squalene is also produced by the human liver as a precursor to cholesterol and is present in human sebum. [22] MF59 is an oil-in-water emulsion of squalene adjuvant used in some human vaccines. As of 2021, over 22 million doses of one vaccine with squalene, FLUAD, have been administered with no severe adverse effects reported. [23]
Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpene with the formula C 30 H 50. It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow. It was originally obtained from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12% of bodily squalene in humans is found in sebum. [5]
A principal component of many shark oils is squalene, a triterpenoid (C 30 H 50), ranging up to 90% of the oil, depending on the species. In Centrophorus species squalene may account for 15% of the total body weight. Pristane, another terpenoid (C 19 H 40), is often a minor component, ranging up to nearly 8% of the oil. [12]
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The remaining syllables of the INNs, as well as the column Source, are explained in Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies. Types of monoclonal antibodies with other structures than naturally occurring antibodies. The abbreviations in the column Type are as follows: mab: whole monoclonal antibody; Fab: fragment, antigen-binding (one arm)
The oil, squalene, is found in all plant and animal cells, and is commercially extracted and purified from shark liver. The flu vaccine for older adults, Fluad, uses an adjuvant branded MF59 , which has squalene (9.75 milligrams), citric acid (0.04 milligrams) and three emulsifiers : polysorbate 80 , sorbitan trioleate , sodium citrate (1.175 ...
CoVLP (brand name Covifenz) was a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Medicago in Canada and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). The product and Medicago, Inc. were owned by Mitsubishi who terminated the company and program in February 2023 due to high international market competition for COVID-19 vaccines.