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Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ʲ , are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate , like the articulation of the y sound in yes .
In the pronunciation of the Russian language, several ways of vowel reduction (and its absence) are distinguished between the standard language and dialects. Russian orthography most often does not reflect vowel reduction, which can confuse foreign-language learners, but some spelling reforms have changed some words.
The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet. [note 7] For this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither: for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop, ʔ , originally had the form of a question mark with the dot removed.
Russian is written with a modern variant of the Cyrillic script.Russian spelling typically avoids arbitrary digraphs.Except for the use of hard and soft signs, which have no phonetic value in isolation but can follow a consonant letter, no phoneme is ever represented with more than one letter.
This section describes the pronunciation in Russian and Belarusian. Other languages may have subtle differences. The letter ё is a stressed syllable in the overwhelming majority of Russian and Belarusian words. In Russian, unstressed ё occurs only in compound numerals and a few derived terms, wherein it is considered an exception.
The letters nge , when final, represent /ndʒ/, as in orange; when not final their pronunciation varies according to the word's etymology (e.g. /ndʒ/ in danger, /ŋg/ in anger, /ŋ/ in banger). In most cases, gg represents /g/ as in dagger, but it may also represent /dʒ/ as in suggest and exaggerate.
Without it, folks might think (incorrectly) that Russian hard /l/ is pronounced similarly to Received Pronunciation clear l (as in leaf), rather than closer to the coda pronunciation of /l/ or the North American pronunciation. The reason for transcribing the different pronunciations of the Russian vowels is because they are distinguished in ...
Transliteration, which adapts written form without altering the pronunciation when spoken out, is opposed to letter transcription, which is a letter by letter conversion of one language into another writing system. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the target script ...