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Word problem from the Līlāvatī (12th century), with its English translation and solution. In science education, a word problem is a mathematical exercise (such as in a textbook, worksheet, or exam) where significant background information on the problem is presented in ordinary language rather than in mathematical notation.
The proof is difficult to follow but marks a turning point in the word problem for groups. [3]: 342 1955 (): Pyotr Novikov gives the first published proof that the word problem for groups is unsolvable, using Turing's cancellation semigroup result. [17] [3]: 354 The proof contains a "Principal Lemma" equivalent to Britton's Lemma.
In the ray tracing problem for a 3-dimensional system of reflective or refractive objects, determining if a ray beginning at a given position and direction eventually reaches a certain point. [ 16 ] Determining if a particle path of an ideal fluid on a three dimensional domain eventually reaches a certain region in space.
A typical example of carry is in the following pencil-and-paper addition: 1 27 + 59 ---- 86 7 + 9 = 16, and the digit 1 is the carry. The opposite is a borrow, as in −1 47 − 19 ---- 28 Here, 7 − 9 = −2, so try (10 − 9) + 7 = 8, and the 10 is got by taking ("borrowing") 1 from the next digit to the left. There are two ways in which ...
The nines' complement of a decimal digit is the number that must be added to it to produce 9; the nines' complement of 3 is 6, the nines' complement of 7 is 2, and so on, see table. To form the nines' complement of a larger number, each digit is replaced by its nines' complement. Consider the following subtraction problem:
By visualizing these two parts, students would simply solve the above word problem by adding both parts together to build a whole bar of 100. Conversely, a student could use whole-part model to solve a subtraction problem such as 100 - 70, by having the longer part be 70 and the whole bar be 100.
The black numbers are the addends, the green number is the carry, and the blue number is the sum. In the rightmost digit, the addition of 9 and 7 is 16, carrying 1 into the next pair of the digit to the left, making its addition 1 + 5 + 2 = 8. Therefore, 59 + 27 = 86.
If the digit 9 is ignored when summing the digits, the effect is to "cast out" one more 9 to give the result 12. More generally, when casting out nines by summing digits, any set of digits which add up to 9, or a multiple of 9, can be ignored. In the number 3264, for example, the digits 3 and 6 sum to 9.