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  2. Coupling constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_constant

    Hence, the actual value of the coupling constant is only defined at a given energy scale. In QCD, the Z boson mass scale is typically chosen, providing a value of the strong coupling constant of α s (M Z 2) = 0.1179 ± 0.0010. [7] In 2023 Atlas measured α s (M Z 2) = 0.1183 ± 0.0009 the most precise so far.

  3. Fine-structure constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant

    The value of the fine-structure constant α is linked to the observed value of this coupling associated with the energy scale of the electron mass: the electron's mass gives a lower bound for this energy scale, because it (and the positron) is the lightest charged object whose quantum loops can contribute to the running.

  4. Karplus equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karplus_equation

    where J is the 3 J coupling constant, is the dihedral angle, and A, B, and C are empirically derived parameters whose values depend on the atoms and substituents involved. [3] The relationship may be expressed in a variety of equivalent ways e.g. involving cos 2φ rather than cos 2 φ —these lead to different numerical values of A , B , and C ...

  5. List of physical constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants

    Fermi coupling constant: 1.166 3787 (6) ... While the values of the physical constants are independent of the system of units in use, each uncertainty as stated ...

  6. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    Weinberg angle θ W, and relation between coupling constants g, g′, and e. Adapted from T D Lee's book Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory (1981). Due to the Higgs mechanism , the electroweak boson fields W 1 {\displaystyle W_{1}} , W 2 {\displaystyle W_{2}} , W 3 {\displaystyle W_{3}} , and B {\displaystyle B} "mix" to create ...

  7. J-coupling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-coupling

    The value of each coupling constant also has a sign, and coupling constants of comparable magnitude often have opposite signs. [5] If the coupling constant between two given spins is negative, the energy is lower when these two spins are parallel, and conversely if their coupling constant is positive. [ 6 ]

  8. Kuramoto model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuramoto_model

    where the system is composed of N limit-cycle oscillators, with phases and coupling constant K. Noise can be added to the system. In that case, the original equation is altered to

  9. Yukawa interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa_interaction

    A Yukawa interaction is also used in the Standard Model to describe the coupling between the Higgs field and massless quark and lepton fields (i.e., the fundamental fermion particles). Through spontaneous symmetry breaking, these fermions acquire a mass proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field.