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  2. Jizya - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya

    Robert Hoyland describes it as a poll tax originally paid by "the conquered people" to the mostly-Arab conquerors, but it later became a "religious tax, payable only by non-Muslims". [ 179 ] Jews and Christians in some southern and eastern areas of the Arabian Peninsula began to pay tribute, called jizya , to the Islamic state during Muhammad's ...

  3. List of taxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taxes

    Poll tax, also called a head tax, is a fixed tax that must be paid by each person. Fiscus Judaicus, was a tax that Jews were required to pay in the Roman Empire; Jizya is a tax paid by non-Muslims in a Muslim state. Compare to Zakat. Leibzoll was tax that Jews were required to pay in Medieval Europe. Temple tax was a Roman tax used to pay for ...

  4. Taxation in the Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic...

    Not only do foreign multinationals pay 80% of Ireland's corporation tax, [13] but they also directly employ 10% of the Irish labour force, rising to 23% when Public Sector, agri and finance jobs are excluded [33] and pay 50% of all Irish salary taxes using the same metric; [34] in 2016, they were 57% of all Irish non-farm OECD value-add (see ...

  5. Poll tax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax

    Poll taxes are regressive, meaning the higher someone's income is, the lower the tax is as a proportion of income: for example, a $100 tax on an income of $10,000 is a 1% tax rate, while $100 tax on a $500 income is 20%. Its acceptance or "neutrality" depends on the balance between the tax demanded and the resources of the population.

  6. Forced conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion

    Under sharia, Non-Muslims were obligated to pay jizya and kharaj taxes, [77] [78] together with periodic heavy ransom levied upon Christian communities by Muslim rulers in order to fund military campaigns, all of which contributed a significant proportion of income to the Islamic states while conversely reducing many Christians to poverty, and ...

  7. List of cities, boroughs and towns in the Republic of Ireland

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities,_boroughs...

    The following table and map show the areas in Ireland, previously designated as Cities, Boroughs, or Towns in the Local Government Act 2001. Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, Ireland had a two-tier system of local authorities. The first tier consisted of administrative counties and county boroughs.

  8. City status in Ireland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland

    For example, Dublin, long the metropolis of the island, has been called Baile Átha Cliath since the fifteenth century, [27] while its earliest city charter is from 1172. [1] The Irish text of the Constitution of Ireland translates "city of Dublin" as cathair Bhaile Átha Chliath, [28] combining the modern sense of cathair with the historic ...

  9. Islamic taxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_taxes

    kharaj - a land tax initially imposed only on non-Muslims but soon after mandated for Muslims as well. [1] ushr - a 10% tax on the harvests of irrigated land and 10% tax on harvest from rain-watered land and 5% on Land dependent on well water. [2] The term has also been used for a 10% tax on merchandise imported from states that taxed the ...