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The standard orientation, where the xy-plane is horizontal and the z-axis points up (and the x- and the y-axis form a positively oriented two-dimensional coordinate system in the xy-plane if observed from above the xy-plane) is called right-handed or positive. 3D Cartesian coordinate handedness. The name derives from the right-hand rule.
The horizontal direction, usually labelled the X direction, [15] is then automatically determined. Or, one can do it the other way around, i.e., nominate the x-axis, in which case the y-axis is then automatically determined. There is no special reason to choose the horizontal over the vertical as the initial designation: the two directions are ...
abscissa-axis (horizontal) coordinate ordinate-axis (vertical) coordinate. Together they form an ordered pair which defines the location of a point in two-dimensional rectangular space. More technically, the abscissa of a point is the signed measure of its projection on the primary axis.
For example, in the plane, if Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and polar coordinates (r, θ) have the same origin, and the polar axis is the positive x axis, then the coordinate transformation from polar to Cartesian coordinates is given by x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ.
The distance along the line from the origin to the point z = x + yi is the modulus or absolute value of z. The angle θ is the argument of z. Argand diagram refers to a geometric plot of complex numbers as points z = x + iy using the horizontal x-axis as the real axis and the vertical y-axis as the imaginary axis. [3]
Local tangent plane coordinates (LTP) are part of a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and the Earth's axis of rotation. They are also known as local ellipsoidal system, [1] [2] local geodetic coordinate system, [3] local vertical, local horizontal coordinates (LVLH), or topocentric ...
The positive x-axis in vehicles points always in the direction of movement. For positive y - and z -axis, we have to face two different conventions: In case of land vehicles like cars, tanks etc., which use the ENU-system (East-North-Up) as external reference ( World frame ), the vehicle's (body's) positive y - or pitch axis always points to ...
Axial – along the center of a round body, or the axis of rotation of a body; Radial – along a direction pointing along a radius from the center of an object, or perpendicular to a curved path. Circumferential (or azimuthal) – following around a curve or circumference of an object.