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Sociology as a scholarly discipline emerged, primarily out of Enlightenment thought, as a positivist science of society shortly after the French Revolution.Its genesis owed to various key movements in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of knowledge, arising in reaction to such issues as modernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, secularization, colonization and imperialism.
The term sociology was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in an unpublished manuscript. [25] [note 2] Sociology was later defined independently by French philosopher of science Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838 [26] as a new way of looking at society.
Auguste Comte did not create the idea of Sociology, the study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture, but instead, he expanded it greatly. Positivism, the principle of conducting sociology through empiricism and the scientific method, was the primary way that Comte studied sociology.
Auguste Comte (1798–1857) coined the term sociology to describe a way to apply natural science principles and techniques to the social world in 1838. [51] [52] Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm.
He was the first person to coin the term sociology. Comte suggests that sociology is the product of a three-stage development: [1] Theological stage: From the beginning of human history until the end of the European Middle Ages, people took a religious view that society expressed God's will. [1]
David Émile Durkheim (/ ˈ d ɜːr k h aɪ m /; [1] French: [emil dyʁkɛm] or ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist.Durkheim formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science, along with both Karl Marx and Max Weber.
It was coined by American sociologist C. Wright Mills in his 1959 book The Sociological Imagination to describe the type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology. [2]: 5, 7 Today, the term is used in many sociology textbooks to explain the nature of sociology and its relevance in daily life. [1]
He developed the notion of objective sui generis "social facts" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study. [25] Through such studies, he posited, sociology would be able to determine whether a given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or "social anomie".