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Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) is produced by the thyroid gland. The term is sometimes used to refer to hyperthyroidism, but hyperthyroidism is a more general term. [2] When the level of thyroxine (T4) in the blood exceeds normal range, it can lead to symptoms such as irritability and unexplained weight loss. [3] Types include:
In overt primary hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are low and T 4 and T 3 levels are high. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is a milder form of hyperthyroidism characterized by low or undetectable serum TSH level, but with a normal serum free thyroxine level. [32]
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland.The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones [1] that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ.
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid. [1] TFTs may be requested if a patient is thought to suffer from hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or to monitor the effectiveness of either thyroid-suppression or hormone replacement therapy.
Both excess and deficiency of thyroxine can cause disorders. Hyperthyroidism (an example is Graves' disease) is the clinical syndrome caused by an excess of circulating free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, or both. It is a common disorder that affects approximately 2% of women and 0.2% of men.
Due to the mutations in the albumin gene, an abnormal albumin protein binds thyroid hormones with a high affinity than normal. [4] This explains why those with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia have increased T4 levels and normal TSH levels. [4] The structural formula of thyroxine (T4).
To understand how high levels of thyroxine can be toxic and lead to thyrotoxic myopathy physiologically, consider basic neuromuscular junction function. Under normal circumstances, muscle contraction occurs when electrical impulses travel down descending axons from the brain or spinal cord towards the neuromuscular junction .
Individuals with thyroid storm tend to have increased levels of free thyroid hormone, although total thyroid hormone levels may not be much higher than in uncomplicated hyperthyroidism. [15] The rise in the availability of free thyroid hormone can be the result of manipulating the thyroid gland.