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An action potential (also known as a nerve impulse or "spike" when in a neuron) is a series of quick changes in voltage across a cell membrane. An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. [1] This depolarization then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarize.
Figure B. is a recording of an actual action potential N.B. Actual recordings of action potentials are often distorted compared to the schematic view because of variations in electrophysiological techniques used to make the recording. In neurophysiology, a dendritic spike refers to an action potential generated in the dendrite of a neuron ...
The slope of phase 0 on the action potential waveform (see figure 2) represents the maximum rate of voltage change of the cardiac action potential and is known as dV/dt max. In pacemaker cells (e.g. sinoatrial node cells ), however, the increase in membrane voltage is mainly due to activation of L-type calcium channels.
Neural backpropagation is the phenomenon in which, after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon (normal propagation), another impulse is generated from the soma and propagates towards the apical portions of the dendritic arbor or dendrites (from which much of the original input current originated).
Action potential changes in the retina, hippocampus, cortex, and spinal cord provide activity-based signals both to the active neurons and their post-synaptic target cells. Spontaneous activity originating within neuronal gap junctions , the cortex sub-plate, and sensory inputs are all involved in the cell signaling that regulates dendrite growth.
Feedforward inputs that form synapses proximal to the soma and directly lead to action potentials; NMDA spikes generated in the more distal basal; Apical dendrites that depolarize the soma (usually insufficient to generate a somatic action potential) - Learns by growing new synapses - Inspired by the pyramidal cells in neocortex layers 2/3 and 5
The action potential is the final electrical step in the integration of synaptic messages at the scale of the neuron. [5] Extracellular recordings of action potential propagation in axons has been demonstrated in freely moving animals. While extracellular somatic action potentials have been used to study cellular activity in freely moving ...
Unlike the majority of neurons found in the central nervous system, an action potential in posterior root ganglion neuron may initiate in the distal process in the periphery, bypass the cell body, and continue to propagate along the proximal process until reaching the synaptic terminal in the posterior horn of spinal cord.