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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
The global average sea surface temperature has been increasing since around 1900 (graph showing annual average and 5-year smoothed average, relative to the average value for the years 1951-1980). Further information: Effects of climate change on oceans § Rising ocean temperature
Sea surface temperature since 1979 in the extrapolar region (between 60 degrees south and 60 degrees north latitude). [9] Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface.
As part of his PhD research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques to find long term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years; Mann & Park 1993 showed patterns relating to the El Niño–Southern ...
The temperature on land rose by 1.59 °C while over the ocean it rose by 0.88 °C. [3] In 2020 the temperature was 1.2 °C above the pre-industrial era. [4] In September 2023 the temperature was 1.75 °C above pre-industrial level and during the entire year of 2023 is expected to be 1.4 °C above it. [5]
Daily air temperatures 6.5 feet above the surface by year since 1979: ... based on charts by the University of Maine’s Climate Reanalyzer. ... Daily sea-surface temperatures by year since 1982:
Measurements of infrared radiation pertaining to sea surface temperature have been collected since 1967. Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled. Both of these trends are consistent with the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
It was first produced in 1994 [2] (based on the earlier Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, 1982 [3]), with later editions at roughly four year intervals in 1998, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2018, and 2023.