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2. Basic sediment and water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_sediment_and_water

   ASTM method D4007 [2] or API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards chapter 10.4 [3] are commonly used to measure BS&W. These methods both consist of mixing equal volumes of solvent and crude oil then centrifuging in order to separate any solids, free water, or suspended particles.

3. Extraction of petroleum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum

   Gas reinjection and lift each use associated gas, carbon dioxide or some other inert gas to reduce the density of the oil-gas mixture; improving its mobility. The typical recovery factor from water injection operations is about 30%, depending on the properties of the oil and the characteristics of the reservoir rock.

4. Allocation (oil and gas) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)

   Ownership and extraction of oil and gas in the ground of USA is regulated by the present oil and gas law in the United States. Sharing risks by a joint venture of several companies to field development, production and transportation, and downstream activities has also been going on for long time, specifically for cross border arrangements. [ 24 ]

5. Petroleum industry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry

   Though hydraulic fracturing has significantly increased natural gas extraction, there is some belief and evidence to support that consumable water has seen increased in methane contamination due to this gas extraction. [39] Leaks from underground tanks and abandoned refineries may also contaminate groundwater in surrounding areas.

6. Natural-gas processing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-gas_processing

   A natural-gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Austria. Natural-gas processing is a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing contaminants such as solids, water, carbon dioxide (CO 2), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), mercury and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons to produce pipeline quality dry natural gas [1] for pipeline distribution and final use. [2]

7. Separator (oil production) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separator_(oil_production)

   Oil and gas separators can have three general configurations: vertical, horizontal, and spherical.Vertical separators can vary in size from 10 or 12 inches in diameter and 4 to 5 feet seam to seam (S to S) up to 10 or 12 feet in diameter and 15 to 25 feet S to S. Horizontal separators may vary in size from 10 or 12 inches in diameter and 4 to 5 feet S to S up to 15 to 16 feet in diameter and ...