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Alanine (symbol Ala or A), [4] or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an amine group and a carboxylic acid group, both attached to the central carbon atom which also carries a methyl group side chain. Consequently it is classified as a nonpolar, aliphatic α-amino acid.
In this example, alanine is depicted in the zwitterionic form at physiological pH. D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally-occurring amino acids, this carbon has the L-configuration. D-Amino acids are occasionally found in nature as residues in proteins.
These six are alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, serine, [2] and selenocysteine (considered the 21st amino acid). Pyrrolysine (considered the 22nd amino acid), [ 3 ] which is proteinogenic only in certain microorganisms, is not used by and therefore non-essential for most organisms, including humans.
Alanine is produced by the transamination of one molecule of pyruvate using two alternate steps: 1) conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate using a glutamate-alanine transaminase, and 2) conversion of valine to α-ketoisovalerate via Transaminase C. Not much is known about the regulation of alanine synthesis.
For example, the systematic name of alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid, based on the formula CH 3 −CH(NH 2)−COOH. The Commission justified this approach as follows: [7] The systematic names and formulas given refer to hypothetical forms in which amino groups are unprotonated and carboxyl groups are undissociated.
In molecular biology, alanine scanning is a site-directed mutagenesis technique used to determine the contribution of a specific residue to the stability or function of a given protein. [1] Alanine is used because of its non-bulky, chemically inert, methyl functional group that nevertheless mimics the secondary structure preferences that many ...
A proposed class action accusing Microsoft's LinkedIn of violating the privacy of millions of Premium customers by disclosing their private messages to train generative artificial intelligence ...
The Cahill cycle, also known as the alanine cycle or glucose-alanine cycle, [1] is the series of reactions in which amino groups and carbons from muscle are transported to the liver. [2] It is quite similar to the Cori cycle in the cycling of nutrients between skeletal muscle and the liver. [ 1 ]