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Intersection is implemented in SQL in the form of the INTERSECT operator. The set difference operator (-) acts on two relations and produces the set of tuples from the first relation that do not exist in the second relation. Difference is implemented in SQL in the form of the EXCEPT or MINUS operator.
A base relation variable is a relation variable which is not derived from any other relation variables. In SQL the term base table equates approximately to base relation variable. A view can be defined by an expression using the operators of the relational algebra or the relational calculus. Such an expression operates on one or more relations ...
Set operations in SQL is a type of operations which allow the results of multiple queries to be combined into a single result set. [1] Set operators in SQL include UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, which mathematically correspond to the concepts of union, intersection and set difference.
Even the query language of SQL is loosely based on a relational algebra, though the operands in SQL are not exactly relations and several useful theorems about the relational algebra do not hold in the SQL counterpart (arguably to the detriment of optimisers and/or users). The SQL table model is a bag , rather than
A base relation representing this kind of entity is called, informally, an associative table. An associative entity (using Chen notation) As mentioned above, associative entities are implemented in a database structure using associative tables, which are tables that can contain references to columns from the same or different database tables ...
In SQL, the unique keys have a UNIQUE constraint assigned to them in order to prevent duplicates (a duplicate entry is not valid in a unique column). Alternate keys may be used like the primary key when doing a single-table select or when filtering in a where clause, but are not typically used to join multiple tables.
Conversely, an inner join can result in disastrously slow performance or even a server crash when used in a large volume query in combination with database functions in an SQL Where clause. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A function in an SQL Where clause can result in the database ignoring relatively compact table indexes.
A foreign key is a set of attributes in a table that refers to the primary key of another table, linking these two tables. In the context of relational databases, a foreign key is subject to an inclusion dependency constraint that the tuples consisting of the foreign key attributes in one relation, R, must also exist in some other (not necessarily distinct) relation, S; furthermore that those ...