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A simplified reaction mechanism for N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS). Two mechanisms for N-acetyltransferase function have been proposed: a two-step, ping-pong mechanism involving transfer of the relevant acetyl group to an activated cysteine residue [10] and a one-step mechanism through direct attack of the amino nitrogen on the carbonyl group. [11]
The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is an oligopeptide chain made of three to five amino acids. The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like layer.
N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM or MurNAc) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C 11 H 19 NO 8. It is a monomer of peptidoglycan in most bacterial cell walls, which is built from alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid, cross-linked by oligopeptides at the lactic acid residue of MurNAc.
Like proton NMR, carbon-13 (13 C) NMR spectroscopy is a method used in molecular structure determination. 13 C NMR reveals the types of carbons present in a molecule based on chemical shifts that correspond to certain functional groups. N-Acetylglutamic acid exhibits carbonyl carbons most distinctly due to the three carbonyl-containing ...
Peptidoglycan is made up of a polysaccharide backbone consisting of alternating N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) residues in equal amounts. Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the bacterial cell wall, and for the determination of cell shape. It is relatively porous and is not considered to be a permeability ...
PBPs normally catalyze the cross-linking of the bacterial cell wall, but they can be permanently inhibited by penicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics. (NAM = N-acetylmuramic acid; NAG = N-acetylglucosamine) [2] Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are a group of proteins that are characterized by their affinity for and binding of penicillin.
Bacterial cell growth necessitates synthesis of peptidoglycan. Assembly of peptidoglycan is a multistep process starting in the cytoplasm and ending in the exterior cell surface. The intracellular part of the pathway results in the production of the membrane-anchored cell wall precursor, Lipid II. After synthesis, this lipid intermediate is ...
O-GlcNAcylation is the process of adding a single N-acetylglucosamine sugar to the serine or threonine of a protein. [4] Comparable to phosphorylation, addition or removal of N-acetylglucosamine is a means of activating or deactivating enzymes or transcription factors. [4]