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The powertrain layout of a motorised vehicle such as a car is often defined by the location of the engine or motors and the drive wheels. Layouts can roughly be divided into three categories: front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD) and four-wheel drive (4WD). Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in ...
Front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive? Which is Best for You?
Particularly in North America for several decades, the designation AWD has been used and marketed – distinctly from 4×4 and 4WD – to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive, a differential between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the anti-lock braking system (ABS).
1998–2002 Toyota Caldina ST215 (AWD) 1999–2003 Lexus RX 300 (AWD) 2000–2010 Toyota Previa/Estima/Tarago (4WD) 2001–2003 Toyota Highlander (AWD) 2001–2012 Toyota RAV4 (AWD) 2002–2007 Toyota Caldina GT-Four; 2009–2014 Toyota Matrix (AWD) 2009–2010 Pontiac Vibe (AWD)
E-Four (short for Electrical 4WD System), [1] eFour, AWD-i, or AWD-e was developed by Toyota. Front wheels are powered directly by the hybrid powertrain, rear wheels are powered by a dedicated electric motor with its own power control unit, reduction gear and differential. Amount of torque transferred to the rear wheels is automatically ...
The earliest example of the form appeared in 1932, with the design and construction of the prototype Maroon Car by chief designer Harleigh Holmes at Coleman Motors, an established builder of Front- and All-Wheel-Drive vehicles based in Littleton, Colorado. [1] The car had front-wheel drive and was powered by a rear-mounted V-8 engine.
Front-wheel drive (FWD) vehicles' engines drive the front wheels. Using the front wheels for delivery of power as well as steering allows the driving force to act in the same direction as the wheel is pointing. [3] This layout is commonly used in modern passenger cars. Opperman Motocart. A rare example of front wheel drive was the Opperman ...
xDrive system in a BMW X5 (E70). BMW xDrive is the marketing name for the all-wheel drive system found on various BMW models since 2003. [1] The system uses an electronically actuated clutch-pack differential to vary the torque between the front and rear axles.