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Some of these include chiral drugs, poorly absorbed drugs, and cytotoxic drugs. In addition, complex delivery mechanisms can cause bioequivalence variances. [10] Physicians are cautioned to avoid switching patients from branded to generic, or between different generic manufacturers, when prescribing anti-epileptic drugs, warfarin, and ...
According to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) drug substances are classified to four classes upon their solubility and permeability: [1] Class I – high permeability, high solubility. Example: metoprolol, paracetamol [2] Those compounds are well absorbed and their absorption rate is usually higher than excretion.
Each of these factors may vary from patient to patient (inter-individual variation), and indeed in the same patient over time (intra-individual variation). In clinical trials , inter-individual variation is a critical measurement used to assess the bioavailability differences from patient to patient in order to ensure predictable dosing.
The AUC (from zero to infinity) represents the total drug exposure across time. AUC is a useful metric when trying to determine whether two formulations of the same dose (for example a capsule and a tablet) result in equal amounts of tissue or plasma exposure. Another use is in the therapeutic drug monitoring of drugs with a narrow therapeutic ...
Absorption is the journey of a drug travelling from the site of administration to the site of action. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The drug travels by some route of administration ( oral , topical-dermal , etc.) in a chosen dosage form (e.g., tablets , capsules , or in solution ). [ 3 ]
The drug apparent permeability (P app) is calculated by normalizing the drug flux (j) over the initial concentration of the API in the donor compartment (c 0) as: Equation 2: = / Dimensionally, the P app represents a velocity, and it is normally expressed in cm/sec. The highest is the permeability, the highest is expected to be the ...
Pulmonary drug delivery is a route of administration in which patients use an inhaler to inhale their medications and drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream via the lung mucous membrane. This technique is most commonly used in the treatment of lung diseases, for example, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) .
ADME is the four-letter abbreviation (acronym) for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and is mainly used in fields such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. The four letter stands for descriptors quantifying how a given drug interacts within body over time.