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The modified Dietz method [1] [2] [3] is a measure of the ex post (i.e. historical) performance of an investment portfolio in the presence of external flows. (External flows are movements of value such as transfers of cash, securities or other instruments in or out of the portfolio, with no equal simultaneous movement of value in the opposite direction, and which are not income from the ...
The time-weighted return (TWR) [1] [2] is a method of calculating investment return, where returns over sub-periods are compounded together, with each sub-period weighted according to its duration. The time-weighted method differs from other methods of calculating investment return, in the particular way it compensates for external flows.
The realized volatility is the square root of the realized variance, or the square root of the RV multiplied by a suitable constant to bring the measure of volatility to an annualized scale. For instance, if the RV is computed as the sum of squared daily returns for some month, then an annualized realized volatility is given by 252 × R V ...
Care must be taken not to confuse annual with annualized returns. An annual rate of return is a return over a period of one year, such as January 1 through December 31, or June 3, 2006, through June 2, 2007, whereas an annualized rate of return is a rate of return per year, measured over a period either longer or shorter than one year, such as ...
The Sortino ratio measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment asset, portfolio, or strategy. [1] It is a modification of the Sharpe ratio but penalizes only those returns falling below a user-specified target or required rate of return, while the Sharpe ratio penalizes both upside and downside volatility equally.
The first quarter holding period return is: ($98 – $100 + $1) / $100 = -1% Since the final stock price at the end of the year is $99, the annual holding period return is: ($99 ending price - $100 beginning price + $4 dividends) / $100 beginning price = 3% If the final stock price had been $95, the annual HPR would be:
If this instantaneous return is received continuously for one period, then the initial value P t-1 will grow to = during that period. See also continuous compounding . Since this analysis did not adjust for the effects of inflation on the purchasing power of P t , RS and RC are referred to as nominal rates of return .
Given a collection of pairs (time, cash flow) representing a project, the NPV is a function of the rate of return. The internal rate of return is a rate for which this function is zero, i.e. the internal rate of return is a solution to the equation NPV = 0 (assuming no arbitrage conditions exist).