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Earth's layered structure: (1) inner core; (2) outer core; (3) lower mantle; (4) upper mantle; (5) lithosphere; (6) crust. Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere [3] as correspondent to rocks, water, air and life respectively.
Ecology, the branch of ethology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings; Environment (systems), the surroundings of a physical system that may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy, or other properties.
Environmental studies (EVS or EVST) is a multidisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment.Environmental studies connects principles from the physical sciences, commerce/economics, the humanities, [1] and social sciences [2] to address complex contemporary environmental issues.
Buildings are used for a multitude of purposes: residential, commercial, community, institutional, and governmental. Building interiors are often designed to mediate external factors and provide space to conduct activities, whether that is to sleep, eat, work, etc. [12] The structure of the building helps define the space around it, giving form to how individuals move through the space around ...
Environmental standards are administrative regulations, practices, or legal rules [1] implemented for the treatment and maintenance of the environment. Environmental standards are typically set by government and can include prohibition of specific activities, mandating the frequency and methods of monitoring, and requiring permits for the use of land or water. [2]
An environmental organization is an organization coming out of the conservation or environmental movements that seeks to protect, analyse or monitor the environment against misuse or degradation from human forces.
Overview of the interdisciplinarity of environmental toxicology Categories of organisms commonly used for assessing environmental toxicity. Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents on living organisms.
Mycosphaerella is a genus of ascomycota.With more than 10,000 species, it is the largest genus of plant pathogen fungi.. The following introduction about the fungal genus Mycosphaerella is copied (with permission) from the dissertation of W. Quaedvlieg (named: Re-evaluating Mycosphaerella and allied genera).