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[5] Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964. [6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [7] In the United States, it is available as a generic medication. [4] In 2022, it was the 24th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 23 million prescriptions.
Topical nicotinamide and topical zinc are safe, however, there are no FDA pregnancy category ratings. [27] [28] Topical salicylic acid and topical dapsone are classified as FDA pregnancy category C. [23] [28] Acne medications to avoid during pregnancy include oral isotretinoin and topical tazarotene as there have been reports of birth defects.
Aldosterone antagonists, also known as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: [7] Spironolactone – most widespread use, inexpensive; Eplerenone – more selective so reduced side-effects but more expensive and less potent; Finerenone – non-steroidal, more selective and potent than spironolactone and eplerenone; Canrenone – very limited use
Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.
Metolazone center: [5] Thus, reaction of (1) with phosgene gives the reactive the isatoic anhydride (2). Condensation of that with ortho-toluidine leads to the acylation product (3) formed with a simultaneous loss of carbon dioxide. This is then converted to the quinazolone (4) by heating with acetic anhydride.
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Thiazide organic molecules are bi-cyclic structures that contain adjacent sulfur and nitrogen atoms on one ring. [5] Confusion sometimes occurs because thiazide-like diuretics such as indapamide are referred to as thiazides despite not having the thiazide chemical structure. [ 6 ]
Conversely, in studies of healthy men given high-dose spironolactone, gynecomastia occurred in 3 of 10 (30%) at 100 mg/day, in 5 of 8 (62.5%) at 200 mg/day, and in 6 of 9 (66.7%) at 400 mg/day, relative to none of 12 controls. [134] [135] The severity of gynecomastia with spironolactone varies considerably, but is usually mild. [110]