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Continuity equations offer more examples of laws with both differential and integral forms, related to each other by the divergence theorem. In fluid dynamics , electromagnetism , quantum mechanics , relativity theory , and a number of other fields, there are continuity equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum, energy ...
A simple example of such a problem is to find the curve of shortest length connecting two points. If there are no constraints, the solution is a straight line between the points. However, if the curve is constrained to lie on a surface in space, then the solution is less obvious, and possibly many solutions may exist.
As the name implies, the divergence is a (local) measure of the degree to which vectors in the field diverge. The divergence of a tensor field of non-zero order k is written as =, a contraction of a tensor field of order k − 1. Specifically, the divergence of a vector is a scalar.
More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume around a given point. As an example, consider air as it is heated or cooled. The velocity of the air at each point defines a vector field. While air is heated in a region, it expands in all directions, and thus the ...
In mathematics, the comparison test, sometimes called the direct comparison test to distinguish it from similar related tests (especially the limit comparison test), provides a way of deducing whether an infinite series or an improper integral converges or diverges by comparing the series or integral to one whose convergence properties are known.
We assume that is well behaved and that we can reverse the order of integration. Also, recall that flow is normal to the unit area of the cell. Now, since in one dimension , we can apply the divergence theorem, i.e. =, and substitute for the volume integral of the divergence with the values of () evaluated at the cell surface (edges / and + /) of the finite volume as follows:
A local variant of this estimate for (¯)-functions is first proven for a locally flat boundary using the divergence theorem. By transformation, a general C 1 {\textstyle C^{1}} -boundary can be locally straightened to reduce to this case, where the C 1 {\textstyle C^{1}} -regularity of the transformation requires that the local estimate holds ...
The reason for defining the vector derivative and integral as above is that they allow a strong generalization of Stokes' theorem. Let L ( A ; x ) {\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}(A;x)} be a multivector-valued function of r {\displaystyle r} -grade input A {\displaystyle A} and general position x {\displaystyle x} , linear in its first argument.