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In English, gh historically represented [x] (the voiceless velar fricative, as in the Scottish Gaelic word loch), and still does in lough and certain other Hiberno-English words, especially proper nouns. In the dominant dialects of modern English, gh is almost always either silent or pronounced /f/ (see Ough).
The hard g is [ɡ] in almost all those languages (with the exception of Galician, which may instead be a voiceless pharyngeal fricative), though the soft g pronunciation, which occurs before i e y , differs amongst them as follows: [dʒ] in Italian [3] and Romanian [4] [5] [ʒ] in French and Portuguese [6] [(d)ʒ] in Catalan [7]
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages.It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English. [1]
The word is intended to be pronounced in the same way as fish (/ f ɪ ʃ /), using these sounds: gh, pronounced / f / as in enough / ɪ ˈ n ʌ f / or tough / t ʌ f /; o, pronounced / ɪ / as in women / ˈ w ɪ m ɪ n /; ti, pronounced / ʃ / as in nation / ˈ n eɪ ʃ ən / or motion / ˈ m oʊ ʃ ən /.
Th-fronting is the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v". When th-fronting is applied, becomes or (for example, three is pronounced like free) and becomes or (for example, further is pronounced like fervour). (Here "fronting" refers to the position in the mouth where the sound is produced, not the position of the sound in the word ...
A period / full stop was used for forceful pronunciation. E.g., (.f) was a "violently hissed (f)", and (.gh) a "violently buzzed [= voiced] (gh)". In the case of .r , it produced a trill. However, with other letters for alveolar consonants it was taken to mean 'advanced', with "the tip of the tongue on gums" (presumably dental, though that ...
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frequent bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, th, sh to distinguish from (Scottish) Gaelic: there may be words or names with the second (or even third) letter capitalized instead of the first: hÉireann . Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig )