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Tailwaters are also subject to changes in traditional flow rate. Some impoundments discharge a consistent amount of water which can disrupt seasonal fluctuations and extreme flow events. On the other hand, hydropeaking, the cyclical increase in discharge below a hydroelectric dam to meet power demands, can rapidly increase tailwater flow rates.
Hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel, also known as classical jump, is a natural phenomenon that occurs whenever flow changes from supercritical to subcritical flow. In this transition, the water surface rises abruptly, surface rollers are formed, intense mixing occurs, air is entrained, and often a large amount of energy is dissipated.
The Norfork Tailwater is the segment of the North Fork River below Norfork Dam in north central Arkansas. The Norfork Tailwater is about 4.8 miles (7.7 km) long and stretches from the dam below Lake Norfork to the White River at Norfork. The community of Salesville lies approximately 1.5 miles west of the dam on Arkansas Highway 177.
The first flow net pictured here (modified from Craig, 1997) illustrates and quantifies the flow which occurs under the dam (flow is assumed to be invariant along the axis of the dam — valid near the middle of the dam); from the pool behind the dam (on the right) to the tailwater downstream from the dam (on the left).
A discharge is a measure of the quantity of any fluid flow over unit time. The quantity may be either volume or mass. Thus the water discharge of a tap (faucet) can be measured with a measuring jug and a stopwatch. Here the discharge might be 1 litre per 15 seconds, equivalent to 67 ml/second or 4 litres/minute. This is an average measure.
If G represents stage for discharge Q, then the relationship between G and Q can possibly be approximated with an equation: Q = C r ( G − a ) β {\displaystyle Q=C_{r}(G-a)^{\beta }} where C r {\displaystyle C_{r}} and β {\displaystyle \beta } are rating curve constants, and a {\displaystyle a} is a constant which represents the gauge ...
When mixed with water, ground flaxseeds create a gel-like substance that can be used as a one-to-one substitute for eggs in vegan baked goods like quick breads and muffins, ...
Q mi = discharge capacity without freeboard (ft 3 /s) (In this case, freeboard is the vertical distance from the water surface to the dam crest when the water surface is at a lower elevation.) L = length of the spillway crest (ft) H = height of the sidewalls above the spillway crest (ft)