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The growth of self-directed cross-functional teams has influenced decision-making processes and organizational structures. Although management theory likes to propound that every type of organizational structure needs to make strategic, tactical, and operational decisions, new procedures have started to emerge that work best with teams. [6]
These work teams determine how they will accomplish the objectives they are mandated to achieve and decide what route they will take to complete the current assignment. [23] Self-managed work teams are granted the responsibility of planning, scheduling, organizing, directing, controlling and evaluating their own work process.
[4] This is an example of cross-functional matrix management, and is not the same as when, in the 1980s, a department acquired PCs and hired programmers. [5] [6] Often senior employees, these employees are part of a product-oriented project manager's team but also report to another boss in a functional department.
Self-directing or self-designing teams determine their own team goals and the different methods needed in order to achieve the end goal. This offers opportunities for innovation, enhance goal commitment and motivation. Finally, self-governing teams are designed with high control and responsibility to execute a task or manage processes.
We can distinguish semi-autonomous and autonomous teams. The difference is the degree of autonomy of the group. Nowadays, more and more companies are employing (semi-) autonomous work groups, such as companies in the automobile industry, mass distribution sector, and start-ups. To succeed and perform its tasks, a (semi-) autonomous team needs: [2]
Multiteam systems are different from teams, because they are composed of multiple teams (called component teams) that must coordinate and collaborate. In MTSs, component teams each pursue proximal team goals (not shared with other teams in the system) and at the same time, work toward the larger system level goal.
The current shift to self-directed cross-functional teams and other forms of non-hierarchical structures, have made the concept of span of control less important. Theories about the optimum span of control go back to V. A. Graicunas. In 1933 he used assumptions about mental capacity and attention span to develop a set of practical heuristics.
Management teams are a type of team that performs duties such as managing and advising other employees and teams that work with them. Whereas work, parallel, and project teams hold the responsibility of direct accomplishment of a goal, management teams are responsible for providing general direction and assistance to those teams. [3]