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Both of these investigations noted that African slaves were transported from Africa to the Muslim Arab world, where chattel slavery were still legal. The Trans-Saharan slave trade was combatted by the colonial authorities, who nominally controlled the territories of the Sahara desert from the late 19th-century onward. Both the French, Spanish ...
During times of conquest and after winning battles, the ancient Nubians were taken as slaves by the ancient Egyptians. [16] The Garamantes relied heavily on slave labor from sub-Saharan Africa. [17] They used slaves in their own communities to construct and maintain underground irrigation systems known to Berbers as foggara. [18]
Slavery was practiced among all classes. slaves were owned by upper and middle classes, by the poor, and even by other slaves. [122] From São Paulo, the Bandeirantes, adventurers mostly of mixed Portuguese and native ancestry, penetrated steadily westward in their search for Indians to enslave.
The 7th to 13th centuries in West Africa were a period of relatively abundant rainfall that saw the explosive growth of trade, particularly across the Sahara desert, and the flourishing of numerous important states. [156] The introduction of the camel to the western Sahel was a watershed moment, allowing more merchandise to move more easily. [107]
Some historians assert that as many as 17 million people were sold into slavery on the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and North Africa, and approximately 5 million African slaves were bought by Muslim slave traders and taken from Africa across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert between 1500 and 1900. [90]
Many other people were imported as slaves into the region, besides Zanj. [28] A Zanj slave gang in Zanzibar (1889) Historian M. A. Shaban has argued that the rebellion was not a slave revolt, but a revolt of blacks (zanj). In his opinion, although a few runaway slaves did join the revolt, the majority of the participants were Arabs and free Zanj.
In Ancient Egypt, slaves were mainly obtained through prisoners of war. Other ways people could become slaves was by inheriting the status from their parents. One could also become a slave on account of his inability to pay his debts. Slavery was the direct result of poverty.
Ethiopia stated to the Temporary Slavery Commission (1923–1925) that while slavery in Ethiopia was still legal, it was in a process of being phased out: that the slave trade was dying, that it was prohibited to sale, gift or will slaves, and that every child born to a slave after 1924 will be born free; that former slaves were to be sent back ...