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The upper limit of the aerosol particle size range is determined by rapid sedimentation, i.e., larger particles are too heavy to remain airborne for extended periods of time. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 129 ] Bioaerosols include living and dead organisms as well as their fragments and excrements emitted from the biosphere into the atmosphere.
In 2022, observations of Venus using the SOFIA airborne infrared telescope failed to detect phosphine, with an upper limit on the concentration of 0.8 ppb announced for Venusian altitudes 75–110 km. [57] A subsequent reanalysis of the SOFIA data using nonstandard calibration techniques resulted in a phosphine detection at the concentration ...
The survival of some microorganisms exposed to outer space has been studied using both simulated facilities and low Earth orbit exposures. Bacteria were some of the first organisms investigated, when in 1960 a Russian satellite carried Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Enterobacter aerogenes into orbit. [1]
Proposed that seasonal liquid water is possible to this limit when combining high obliquity and orbital eccentricity. 0.75: 2011, Abe et al. [73] Found that land-dominated "desert planets" with water at the poles could exist closer to the Sun than watery planets like Earth. 10: 2011, Pierrehumbert and Gaidos [48]
What determines population density? There is disagreement over which regulatory mechanisms of population are density-dependent, or density-independent. [39] Why are all leaves the size they are, and not an order of magnitude larger or smaller? How is the upper limit on leaf size set? [39]
Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analysing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It represents one aspect of water quality. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the concentration of bacteria ...
The dominance of particular bacteria and their nutrient sources are subject to change according to time and location. [2] Bioaerosols can range in size from 10 nanometer virus particles to 100 micrometers pollen grains. [6]
The maximum density of a substance is the highest attainable density of the substance under ... An especially notable irregular maximum density is that of water, ...