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Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik, or The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics, is a textbook written by Hermann Weyl about the mathematical study of symmetry, group theory, and how to apply it to quantum physics.
Group theory has three main historical sources: number theory, the theory of algebraic equations, and geometry.The number-theoretic strand was begun by Leonhard Euler, and developed by Gauss's work on modular arithmetic and additive and multiplicative groups related to quadratic fields.
In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms.
In mathematics, particularly in the area of abstract algebra known as group theory, a characteristic subgroup is a subgroup that is mapped to itself by every automorphism of the parent group. [1] [2] Because every conjugation map is an inner automorphism, every characteristic subgroup is normal; though the converse is not guaranteed.
In group theory, the induced representation is a representation of a group, G, which is constructed using a known representation of a subgroup H.Given a representation of H, the induced representation is, in a sense, the "most general" representation of G that extends the given one.
In group theory, restriction forms a representation of a subgroup using a known representation of the whole group. Restriction is a fundamental construction in representation theory of groups. Often the restricted representation is simpler to understand.
An example of a group that is not complemented (in either sense) is the cyclic group of order p 2, where p is a prime number. This group only has one nontrivial subgroup H, the cyclic group of order p, so there can be no other subgroup L to be the complement of H.
A celebrated example is the case of deep inelastic scattering, in which a virtual space-like photon is exchanged between the incoming lepton and the incoming hadron. This justifies the introduction of transversely and longitudinally-polarized photons, and of the related concept of transverse and longitudinal structure functions, when ...