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  2. Instrument landing system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system

    In aviation, the instrument landing system (ILS) is a precision radio navigation system that provides short-range guidance to aircraft to allow them to approach a runway at night or in bad weather. In its original form, it allows an aircraft to approach until it is 200 feet (61 m) over the ground, within a 1⁄2 mile (800 m) of the runway.

  3. VHF omnidirectional range - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range

    The bearing accuracy specification for all VOR beacons is defined in the International Civil Aviation Organization Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 10, Volume 1. This document sets the worst case bearing accuracy performance on a Conventional VOR (CVOR) to be ±4°. A Doppler VOR (DVOR) is required to be ±1°.

  4. Secondary surveillance radar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_surveillance_radar

    The 16 million permutations of the 24-bit aircraft address codes have been allocated in blocks to individual states and the assignment is given in ICAO Annex 10, Volume III, Chapter 9. [ 17 ] A mode S interrogation comprises two 0.8 μs wide pulses, [ 18 ] which are interpreted by a mode A & C transponder as coming from an antenna sidelobe and ...

  5. Airborne collision avoidance system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_collision...

    ACAS standards and recommended practices are mainly defined in annex 10, volume IV, of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. [1] Much of the technology being applied to both military and general aviation today has been undergoing development by NASA and other partners since the 1980s.

  6. Aircraft emergency frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_emergency_frequency

    ICAO Annex 10, Volume V, § 4.1.3.1.1 states "the emergency channel (121.5 MHz) shall be used only for genuine emergency purposes". A misuse of the frequency can result in punishment. In the United States, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules prohibit false distress calls and superfluous communications. If the FCC Enforcement Bureau ...

  7. Gillham code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillham_Code

    Gillham code is a zero-padded 12-bit binary code using a parallel nine- [1] to eleven-wire interface, [2] the Gillham interface, that is used to transmit uncorrected barometric altitude between an encoding altimeter or analog air data computer and a digital transponder. It is a modified form of a Gray code and is sometimes referred to simply as ...

  8. Non-directional beacon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon

    Annex 10 — Aeronautical Telecommunications, Vol. I (Radio Navigation Aids) (5th ed.). U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (2004). Aeronautical Information Manual, § 1-1-2. Remington, S., KH6SR (1987–1989). "On the Art of NDB DXing". The Longwave Club of America. Archived from the original on December 9, 2002

  9. PANS-OPS - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANS-OPS

    PANS-OPS. PANS-OPS is an air traffic control acronym which stands for Procedures for A ir N avigation Services – Aircraft OPerationS. PANS-OPS are rules for designing instrument approach and departure procedures. Such procedures are used to allow aircraft to land and take off when instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) impose instrument ...