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Resting heart rate is often correlated with mortality. In the Copenhagen City Heart Study a heart rate of 65 bpm rather than 80 bpm was associated with 4.6 years longer life expectancy in men and 3.6 years in women. [27] Other studies have shown all-cause mortality is increased by 1.22 (hazard ratio) when heart rate exceeds 90 beats per minute. [7]
Normal heart rate (classically 60 to 100 beats per minute for an adult). Regular rhythm, with less than 0.16-second variation in the shortest and longest durations between successive P waves The sinus node should pace the heart – therefore, P waves must be round, all the same shape, and present before every QRS complex in a ratio of 1:1.
Athletes or very active individuals may have a resting rate as low as 40 bpm; at the peak of his swimming career, Olympian Michael Phelps famously maintained 38 bpm at rest.
Sinus tachycardia is a normal response to physical exercise or other stress, when the heart rate increases to meet the body's higher demand for energy and oxygen, but sinus tachycardia can also be caused by a health problem. [4] An elite athlete's heart recorded during a maximum effort workout maintaining over 180 bpm for 10 minutes.
These are the first heart sound (S 1) and second heart sound (S 2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs , adventitious sounds , and gallop rhythms S 3 and S 4 .
For example, a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second, while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid, signifying two beats every second. The note value of a beat will typically be that indicated by the denominator of the time signature. For instance, in 4 4 time, the beat will be a crotchet, or quarter note.
The upper threshold of a normal human resting heart rate is based on age. Cutoff values for tachycardia in different age groups are fairly well standardized; typical cutoffs are listed below: [7] [8] 1–2 days: Tachycardia >159 beats per minute (bpm) 3–6 days: Tachycardia >166 bpm; 1–3 weeks: Tachycardia >182 bpm; 1–2 months: Tachycardia ...
The resting heart rate in children is much faster. In athletes, however, the resting heart rate can be as slow as 40 beats per minute, and be considered normal. [citation needed] The term sinus arrhythmia [26] refers to a normal phenomenon of alternating mild acceleration and slowing of the heart rate that occurs with breathing in and out ...