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The White Racial Identity Model was developed by an African American psychologist, Janet Helms in 1992. [3] It is a racial and ethnic identity model created specifically for people who identify as White. This theory, heavily influenced by William Cross, has become a widely referenced and studied theory on White racial identity development. [4]
Janet E. Helms is an American research psychologist known for her study of ethnic minority issues. [ 1] A scholar, author and educator, she is most known for her racial identity theory that is applied to multiple disciplines, including education and law. [ 2] She received the 2006 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training ...
Definition. White privilege is a social phenomenon intertwined with race and racism. [1] The American Anthropological Association states that, "The 'racial' worldview was invented to assign some groups to perpetual low status, while others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth." [19]
Indiana University's political scientist Christopher D. DeSante in 2019 developed How Racial Empathy Moderates White Identity and Racial Resentment. The model, which was analyzed by Thomas B. Edsall, is designed to gauge white identity in the contexts of resentment and empathy for non-whites. [25]
William E. Cross Jr. (born 1940) is a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991. Cross's nigrescence model expanded upon the work of Black ...
Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 24, 1914 – May 1, 2005) [1] and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983) [2] were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem ...
Janet Helms: Well known for her study of ethnic minority issues, specifically for her racial identity theory that has been applied across disciplines. Linda James Myers: Professor of African-American Psychology at Ohio State University. She is known for her critiques of traditional, Euro-centric psychology. [66]
Adamant that her racial fluidity is not equivalent to putting on a costume, she continued: "The color line can't just forever be ingrained in some kind of one drop rule kind of Jim Crow sense ...