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  2. Constructive realism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_realism

    Traditional convictions regarding science (such as universalism, necessity and eternal validity) are currently in doubt. Relativism seems to destroy scientific claims to rationality. This paper shows a way to keep the traditional convictions of scientific knowledge while acknowledging relativism.

  3. List of scientific misconduct incidents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific...

    Several of his academic papers were retracted due to concerns about manipulated or fabricated data. In 2022, the Chemistry group at Hokkaido University, where Sawamura is affiliated, retracted multiple papers, including one published in the journal Science in 2020. The retraction was attributed to the non-reproducibility of reported results and ...

  4. Scientific misconduct - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_misconduct

    A reconstruction of the skull purportedly belonging to the Piltdown Man, a long-lasting case of scientific misconduct. Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research.

  5. Sokal affair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokal_affair

    In 2009, Cornell sociologist Robb Willer performed an experiment in which undergraduate students read Sokal's paper and were told either that it was written by another student or that it was by a famous academic. He found that students who believed the paper's author was a high-status intellectual rated it better in quality and intelligibility ...

  6. The Logic of Scientific Discovery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific...

    Popper argues that science should adopt a methodology based on falsifiability, because no number of experiments can ever prove a theory, but a reproducible experiment or observation can refute one. According to Popper: "non-reproducible single occurrences are of no significance to science.

  7. Scientific method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

    The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, not the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of ...

  8. Scientific evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence

    For Nature, or more precisely experiment, is an inexorable and not very friendly judge of his work. It never says "Yes" to a theory. In the most favorable cases it says "Maybe", and in the great majority of cases simply "No". If an experiment agrees with a theory it means for the latter "Maybe", and if it does not agree it means "No".

  9. Experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment

    An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on ...