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Antiestrogens, also known as estrogen antagonists or estrogen blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent estrogens like estradiol from mediating their biological effects in the body. They act by blocking the estrogen receptor (ER) and/or inhibiting or suppressing estrogen production .
Puberty blockers (also called puberty inhibitors or hormone blockers) are medicines used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which suppress the natural production of sex hormones, such as androgens (e.g. testosterone) and estrogens (e.g. estradiol).
[7] [6] Severe side effects include an increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. [7] Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. [7] Anastrozole is in the aromatase-inhibiting family of medications. [7] It works by blocking the production of estrogens in the body, and hence has antiestrogenic effects. [7]
As with all hormonal therapies, GnRH antagonists are commonly associated with hormonal side effects such as hot flushes, headache, nausea and weight gain. [18] [19] [20] When used in fertility treatment they can also be associated with abdominal pain and ovarian hyperstimulation.
Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and therefore a mixed agonist–antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER). [6] It has estrogenic effects in bone and antiestrogenic effects in the breasts and uterus. [6] Raloxifene was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. [6] It is available as a generic medication.
Fulvestrant is a SERD drug that acts by damaging and blocking estrogen receptors. [11] Fulvestrant is currently only approved by the FDA to treat cancer in postmenopausal women, but it is often prescribed off-label in combination with and LHRH agonist in premenopausal women to halt the functionality of the ovaries. [11]