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Bulk temperature. In thermofluids dynamics, the bulk temperature, or the average bulk temperature in the thermal fluid, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and ducts. The concept of the bulk temperature is that adiabatic mixing of ...
In contrast, atmospheric water potentials are much more negative—a typical value for dry air is −100 MPa, though this value depends on the temperature and the humidity. Root water potential must be more negative than the soil, and the stem water potential must be an intermediate lower value than the roots but higher than the leaf water ...
Taking water with a bulk fluid average temperature of 20 °C (68 °F), viscosity 10.07 × 10 −4 Pa.s and a heat transfer surface temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) (viscosity 6.96 × 10 −4 Pa.s, a viscosity correction factor for (/) can be obtained as 1.45.
Dependence on a total concentration n for a given temperature has always the same character, 1/n. In applications to gas dynamics, the diffusion flux and the bulk flow should be joined in one system of transport equations. The bulk flow describes the mass transfer. Its velocity V is the mass average velocity. It is defined through the momentum ...
Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow).
Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a computational method used for simulating the mechanics of continuum media, such as solid mechanics and fluid flows. It was developed by Gingold and Monaghan [2] and Lucy [3] in 1977, initially for astrophysical problems. It has been used in many fields of research, including astrophysics, ballistics ...
Bénard cells. In fluid thermodynamics, Rayleigh–Bénard convection is a type of natural convection, occurring in a planar horizontal layer of fluid heated from below, in which the fluid develops a regular pattern of convection cells known as Bénard cells. Such systems were first investigated by Joseph Valentin Boussinesq [1] and Anton ...
Mass flow (life sciences) In the life sciences, mass flow, also known as mass transfer and bulk flow, is the movement of fluids down a pressure or temperature gradient. [1] As such, mass flow is a subject of study in both fluid dynamics and biology. Examples of mass flow include blood circulation and transport of water in vascular plant tissues.