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  2. Evolution of sexual reproduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual...

    In the eukaryotic fossil record, sexual reproduction first appeared about 2.0 billion years ago in the Proterozoic Eon, [63] [64] although a later date, 1.2 billion years ago, has also been presented. [65] [66] Nonetheless, all sexually reproducing eukaryotic organisms likely derive from a single-celled common ancestor.

  3. Divergent evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_evolution

    Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier (such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation) and experience different ...

  4. Evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution

    Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. [1] [2] It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successive generations. [3]

  5. Tinbergen's four questions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbergen's_four_questions

    Tinbergen's four questions. Tinbergen's four questions, named after 20th century biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. [1] It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include ultimate (evolutionary ...

  6. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural...

    Publication place. United Kingdom. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation is an 1844 work of speculative natural history and philosophy by Robert Chambers. Published anonymously in England, it brought together various ideas of stellar evolution with the progressive transmutation of species in an accessible narrative which tied together ...

  7. History of biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology

    The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.

  8. Evolutionary biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology

    Category. v. t. e. Darwin's finches. Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth.

  9. Biology and sexual orientation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation

    The relationship between biology and sexual orientation is a subject of on-going research. While scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation , they theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences .