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  2. Sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere

    A sphere of radius r has area element = ⁡. This can be found from the volume element in spherical coordinates with r held constant. [9] A sphere of any radius centered at zero is an integral surface of the following differential form: + + =

  3. n-sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sphere

    In mathematics, an n-sphere or hypersphere is an ⁠ ⁠ - dimensional generalization of the ⁠ ⁠ -dimensional circle and ⁠ ⁠ -dimensional sphere to any non-negative integer ⁠ ⁠. The circle is considered 1-dimensional, and the sphere 2-dimensional, because the surfaces themselves are 1- and 2-dimensional respectively, not because ...

  4. Steradian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steradian

    A is the surface area of the spherical cap, , r is the radius of the sphere, h is the height of the cap, and; sr is the unit, steradian. Because the surface area A of a sphere is 4πr 2, the definition implies that a sphere subtends 4π steradians (≈ 12.56637 sr) at its centre, or that a steradian subtends 1/4π ≈ 0.07958 of a sphere. By ...

  5. Unit sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_sphere

    A sphere or ball with unit radius and center at the origin of the space is called the unit sphere or the unit ball. Any arbitrary sphere can be transformed to the unit sphere by a combination of translation and scaling, so the study of spheres in general can often be reduced to the study of the unit sphere. The unit sphere is often used as a ...

  6. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    For example, one sphere that is described in Cartesian coordinates with the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2 can be described in spherical coordinates by the simple equation r = c. (In this system—shown here in the mathematics convention—the sphere is adapted as a unit sphere, where the radius is set to unity and then can generally be ignored ...

  7. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  8. Spherical trigonometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry

    Since the area of a triangle cannot be negative the spherical excess is always positive. It is not necessarily small, because the sum of the angles may attain 5 π (3 π for proper angles). For example, an octant of a sphere is a spherical triangle with three right angles, so that the excess is π /2.

  9. Spherical sector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_sector

    If the radius of the sphere is denoted by r and the height of the cap by h, the volume of the spherical sector is =. This may also be written as V = 2 π r 3 3 ( 1 − cos ⁡ φ ) , {\displaystyle V={\frac {2\pi r^{3}}{3}}(1-\cos \varphi )\,,} where φ is half the cone angle, i.e., φ is the angle between the rim of the cap and the direction ...