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Anthropologists began conducting ethnographic research in the mid-1800s to study the cultures people they deemed "exotic" and/or "primitive." [15]: 6 Typically, these early ethnographers aimed to merely observe and write "objective" accounts of these groups to provide others a better understanding of various cultures.
The emic and etic approaches each have their own strengths and limitations, and each can be useful in understanding different aspects of culture and behavior. Some anthropologists argue that a combination of both approaches is necessary for a complete understanding of a culture, while others argue that one approach may be more appropriate ...
Ethnography can also be used in other methodological frameworks, for instance, an action research program of study where one of the goals is to change and improve the situation. [15] Ethnographic research is a fundamental methodology in cultural ecology, development studies, and feminist geography.
Ethnomethodology is the study of how social order is produced in and through processes of social interaction. [1] It generally seeks to provide an alternative to mainstream sociological approaches. [2]
Critical ethnography stems from both anthropology and the Chicago school of sociology. [4] Following the movements for civil rights of the 1960s and 1970s some ethnographers became more politically active and experimented in various ways to incorporate emancipatory political projects into their research. [5]
Ethnosemantics, also called ethnoscience and cognitive anthropology, is a method of ethnographic research and ethnolinguistics that focuses on semantics [6] by examining how people categorize words in their language. Ethnosemantics studies the way people label and classify the cultural, social, and environmental phenomena in their world and ...
The definition of the field has become more refined over the years. Early on, ethnohistory differed from history proper in that it added a new dimension, specifically "the critical use of ethnological concepts and materials in the examination and use of historical source material," as described by William N. Fenton . [ 12 ]
Furthermore, it becomes necessary to analyze the data, a byproduct of human interaction, using qualitative methods such as ethnography: a data ethnography explores the interchanges within online communities and data-mediated interactions [3] It is a means of understanding social worlds within data consumption.