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One third of HF (one sixth of mined fluorine) is used to make synthetic cryolite (sodium hexafluoroaluminate) and aluminium trifluoride. These compounds are used in the electrolysis of aluminium by the Hall–Héroult process. About 23 kg (51 lb) are required for every metric ton of aluminium. These compounds are also used as a flux for glass. [5]
Man-made fluoride compounds are common and are used in medicines, pesticides, and materials. Twenty percent of all commercialized pharmaceuticals contain fluorine, including Lipitor and Prozac. [1] [2] In many contexts, fluorine-containing compounds are harmless or even beneficial to living organisms; in others, they are toxic.
Fluorine is a chemical element; it has symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen [note 1] and exists at standard conditions as pale yellow diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely reactive as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases. It is highly toxic.
Excess fluorine in humans results in fluoride toxicity, and can substitute for iodine, causing goitre. francium: 87: 1b: Due to its very short half-life, there is almost no potential for a living thing to be exposed to it. Even synthesis cannot produce more than minute quantities before it decays, so there is no medical use. [11] Radioactive ...
Electrophilic fluorination is the combination of a carbon-centered nucleophile with an electrophilic source of fluorine to afford organofluorine compounds.Although elemental fluorine and reagents incorporating an oxygen-fluorine bond can be used for this purpose, they have largely been replaced by reagents containing a nitrogen-fluorine bond.
The conventional source of "electrophilic fluorine", i.e. the equivalent to the superelectrophile F +, is gaseous fluorine, which requires specialised equipment for manipulation. Selectfluor reagent is a salt, the use of which requires only routine procedures. Like F 2, the salt delivers the equivalent of F +.
Fluorine cycle: F fluxes [1] are in Tg/yr and reservoir data [2] is in mg/kg. The major mechanisms that mobilize fluorine are chemical and mechanical weathering of rocks. Major anthropogenic sources also include industrial chemicals and fertilizers, brick manufacturing, and groundwater extraction.
Moissan's fluorine cell, from his 1887 publication. Fluorine is a relatively new element in human applications. In ancient times, only minor uses of fluorine-containing minerals existed. The industrial use of fluorite, fluorine's source mineral, was first described by early scientist Georgius Agricola in the 16th century, in the context of ...