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  2. Dark-field microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy

    One limitation of dark-field microscopy is the low light levels seen in the final image. This means that the sample must be very strongly illuminated, which can cause damage to the sample. Dark-field microscopy techniques are almost entirely free of halo or relief-style artifacts typical of differential interference contrast microscopy. This ...

  3. Phase-contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy

    Dark field and phase contrast microscopies operating principle. The basic principle to make phase changes visible in phase-contrast microscopy is to separate the illuminating (background) light from the specimen-scattered light (which makes up the foreground details) and to manipulate these differently.

  4. Scanning transmission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_transmission...

    The rastering of the beam across the sample makes STEM suitable for analytical techniques such as Z-contrast annular dark-field imaging, and spectroscopic mapping by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, or electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). These signals can be obtained simultaneously, allowing direct correlation of images and ...

  5. Dark-field X-ray microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_X-ray_microscopy

    Dark-field X-ray microscopy (DFXM [1] or DFXRM [2]) is an imaging technique used for multiscale structural characterisation. It is capable of mapping deeply embedded structural elements with nm-resolution using synchrotron X-ray diffraction -based imaging.

  6. 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission...

    This eliminates a typical weaknesses in conventional STEM operation as STEM bright-field and dark-field detectors are placed at fixed angles and cannot be changed during imaging. [27] With a 4D dataset bright/dark-field images can be obtained by integrating diffraction intensities from diffracted and transmitted beams respectively. [25]

  7. Differential interference contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference...

    Micrasterias furcata imaged in transmitted DIC microscopy Laser-induced optical damage in LiNbO 3 under 150× Nomarski microscopy. Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) or Nomarski microscopy, is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.

  8. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-resolution...

    High-resolution transmission electron microscopy is an imaging mode of specialized transmission electron microscopes that allows for direct imaging of the atomic structure of samples. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a powerful tool to study properties of materials on the atomic scale, such as semiconductors, metals, nanoparticles and sp 2 -bonded carbon (e.g ...

  9. Contrast transfer function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_transfer_function

    The effect of the contrast transfer function can be seen in the alternating light and dark rings (Thon rings), which show the relation between contrast and spatial frequency. The contrast transfer function (CTF) mathematically describes how aberrations in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) modify the image of a sample.