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In 2015 the psychological and behavioral effects of e-cigarettes were studied using whole-body exposure to e-cigarette vapor, followed by a series of biochemical and behavioral studies. [212] The results showed that nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapor induces addiction-related neurochemical, physiological and behavioral changes. [ 212 ]
In 2015 the psychological and behavioral effects of e-cigarettes were studied using whole-body exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, followed by a series of biochemical and behavioral studies. [17] The results showed that nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosol induces addiction-related neurochemical, physiological and behavioral changes. [17]
Side effects are similar to those from nicotine in general and oral nicotine products, Hrywna says. “Issues like nausea, elevated heart rate, and mouth irritation could also occur with a product ...
The exact correlation is not fully known between these effects and e-cigarettes. [17] 58% of e-cigarette calls to US poison control centers were related to children 5 years old or less. [15] E-cigarette calls had a greater chance to report an adverse effect and a greater chance to report a moderate or major adverse effect than traditional ...
A 2016 review of the cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine concluded, "Based on current knowledge, we believe that the cardiovascular risks of nicotine from e-cigarette use in people without cardiovascular disease are quite low. We have concerns that nicotine from e-cigarettes could pose some risk for users with cardiovascular disease." [95]
However, e-cigarette use with or without nicotine cannot be considered risk-free [163] because the long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown. [97] [149] [160] Possible side effects of nicotine [164] The cytotoxicity of e-liquids varies, [165] and contamination with various chemicals have been detected in the liquid. [34]
Though smoking has declined significantly over the decades, nearly one in eight American adults still smoke, and cigarette smoking kills more than 480,000 Americans a year, government data show.
Additionally, a 2022 study from the University of North Carolina found that users of nicotine salt e-cigarettes exhibited immune suppression markers not seen in users of other types of e-cigarettes. This study focused on "fourth-generation" e-cigarette devices and identified biomarkers indicative of airway injury and immune system suppression. [6]
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