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Chlorine gas poisoning is an illness resulting from the effects of exposure to chlorine beyond the threshold limit value. Acute chlorine gas poisoning primarily affects the respiratory system , causing difficulty breathing, cough, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and sometimes skin irritation .
Therefore, creatinine concentrations in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance (CrCl), which correlates approximately with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Blood creatinine concentrations may also be used alone to calculate the estimated GFR (eGFR). The GFR is clinically important as a measurement of kidney function.
The glomerular filtration rate is the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. The creatinine clearance rate (C Cr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. Creatinine clearance exceeds GFR due to creatinine secretion, [1] which can be blocked by ...
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is an unrecognized and controversial diagnosis characterized by chronic symptoms attributed to exposure to low levels of commonly used chemicals. [1] [2] Symptoms are typically vague and non-specific. They may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, and dizziness.
A 1988 Canadian study of houses with urea-formaldehyde foam insulation found that formaldehyde levels as low as 0.046 ppm were positively correlated with eye and nasal irritation. [73] A 2009 review of studies has shown a strong association between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of childhood asthma. [74]
Uremia is the condition of having high levels of urea in the blood. Urea is one of the primary components of urine.It can be defined as an excess in the blood of amino acid and protein metabolism end products, such as urea and creatinine, which would normally be excreted in the urine.
The mainstay of treatment is large quantities of intravenous fluids. [3] Other treatments may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases. [4] [10] Once urine output is established, sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are commonly used but they are poorly supported by the evidence. [3] [4] Outcomes are generally good if treated early. [3]
Formic acid is readily metabolized and eliminated by the body. Nonetheless, it has specific toxic effects; the formic acid and formaldehyde produced as metabolites of methanol are responsible for the optic nerve damage, causing blindness, seen in methanol poisoning. [50] Some chronic effects of formic acid exposure have been documented.