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The most common causes of lag are expressed as ping time (or simply ping) and the frame rate (fps). Generally a lag below 100 ms (10 hz or fps) is considered to be necessary for playability. The lowest ping physically possible for a connection between opposite points on Earth crossing half of the planet is 133 ms.
Ping measures the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer that are echoed back to the source. The name comes from active sonar terminology that sends a pulse of sound and listens for the echo to detect objects under water. [1] Ping operates by means of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets.
Tools such as ping, traceroute, MTR and PathPing use this protocol to provide a visual representation of the path packets are taking, and to measure packet loss at each hop. [b] Many routers have status pages or logs, where the owner can find the number or percentage of packets dropped over a particular period.
Latency, from a general point of view, is a time delay between the cause and the effect of some physical change in the system being observed. Lag, as it is known in gaming circles, refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of network delay in online games.
RTT is a measure of the amount of time taken for an entire message to be sent to a destination and for a reply to be sent back to the sender. The time to send the message to the destination in its entirety is known as the network latency, and thus RTT is twice the latency in the network plus a processing delay at the destination.
Graphical depiction of contributions to network delay. Network delay is a design and performance characteristic of a telecommunications network.It specifies the latency for a bit of data to travel across the network from one communication endpoint to another.