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[6] [5] [4] [7] [8] It is used by injection into a vein or muscle, by inhalation, and by mouth. [4] [5] Side effects of mephentermine include dry mouth, sedation, reflex bradycardia, arrhythmias, and hypertension. [4] Mephentermine induces the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and is described as an indirectly acting sympathomimetic and ...
Individual dogs of any breed can have a profound reaction characterized by hypotension, especially if there is an underlying heart problem. In giant-breed dogs and sighthounds, the sedative effects of acepromazine may last for 12–24 hours, which is much longer than the usual 3–4 hours. [16] [20]
Phenylephrine, sold under the brand names Neosynephrine and Sudafed PE among others, is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion in the form of a nasal spray or oral tablet, [5] to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure given intravenously in cases of low blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids as a suppository.
Etilefrine, sold under the brand name Effortil among others, is a sympathomimetic medication used as an antihypotensive agent to treat orthostatic hypotension. [1] It is usually used by mouth, but is also available as an injectable. [3] [4] Side effects of etilefrine include nausea, tremors, and palpitations, among others. [5]
[13] [2] Phenylephrine has replaced pseudoephedrine in many over-the-counter oral decongestant products. [2] However, oral phenylephrine appears to be ineffective as a decongestant. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] In 2022, the combination with brompheniramine and dextromethorphan was the 265th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more ...
Metaraminol is commonly available as 10 mg in 1 mL, that requires dilution prior to administration (often made up to a 0.5 mg/mL solution), however pre-prepared syringes of metaraminol for bolus use for hypotension are also commonly available. [11] [12] Metaraminol is also used in the treatment of priapism. [13] [14] [15]
Atipamezole is licensed in the United States for intramuscular injection (IM) in dogs; it is, however, used off-label in cats, rabbits, [14] and farm animals such as horses and cows, [12] as well as in zoo medicine for reptiles (including tortoises, turtles, and alligators), armadillos, hippopotamuses, giraffes, okapi, and others.
Phenylephrine/ketorolac was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2014, [4] and in the European Union in July 2015. [2] References