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Equivalence of direct radiation (EDR) is a standardized comparison method for estimating the output ability of space-heating radiators and convectors.. Measured in square feet, the reference standard for EDR is the mattress radiator [1] invented by Stephen J. Gold in the mid 19th century.
Heat cost allocators are devices attached to individual radiators in buildings that measure the total heat output of the individual radiator. Heat cost allocators can be either electronic, where one or two electronic thermosensors [1] and a microcontroller are used to calculate the heat consumption of radiator by the temperature difference between the radiator and the air in room, [2] [3] or ...
To provide the correct power output, heating or cooling devices require a "design flow." Theoretically, it is possible to design plants that deliver the design flow at each terminal unit (heating or cooling device). In reality, this is not possible because pipes and valves only come in certain sizes.
The 1925 paper [1] of Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg, fueled by advances in radio and electronics, increased interest in direct radiator loudspeakers. In 1930, A. J. Thuras of Bell Labs patented (US Patent No. 1869178) his "Sound Translating Device" (essentially a vented box) which was evidence of the interest in many types of enclosure design at the time.
Output (mechanical) energy is always lower than input energy In general, energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of a device and the input, in energy terms. For thermal efficiency, the input, Q i n {\\displaystyle Q_{\\rm {in}}} , to the device is heat , or the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed.
Many engineers size the system to continuously filter the cooling tower basin water at a rate equivalent to 10% of the total circulation flow rate. For example, if the total flow of a system is 1,200 gal/min (a 400-ton system), a 120 gal/min side-stream system is specified.
Under ideal conditions, the actual output could be higher than the MCR. [7] Within shipping, ships usually operate at the nominal continuous rating (NCR) which is 85% of the 90% of MCR. The 90% MCR is usually the contractual output for which the propeller is designed. Thus, the usual output at which ships are operated is around 75% to 77% of ...
An oil heater, also known as an oil-filled heater, oil-filled radiator, or column heater, is a common form of convection heater used in domestic heating. Although filled with oil , it is electrically heated and does not involve burning any oil fuel ; the oil is used as a heat reservoir (buffer).