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An odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of event A taking place in the presence of B, and the odds of A in the absence of B. Due to symmetry, odds ratio reciprocally calculates the ratio of the odds of B occurring in the presence of A, and the odds of B in the absence of A.
The sign test is a statistical test for consistent differences between pairs of observations, such as the weight of subjects before and after treatment. Given pairs of observations (such as weight pre- and post-treatment) for each subject, the sign test determines if one member of the pair (such as pre-treatment) tends to be greater than (or less than) the other member of the pair (such as ...
The less-than sign with the equals sign, <=, may be used for an approximation of the less-than-or-equal-to sign, ≤. ASCII does not have a less-than-or-equal-to sign, but Unicode defines it at code point U+2264. In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, and C-family languages (including Java and C++), operator <= means "less than or equal to".
The plus–minus sign or plus-or-minus sign (±) and the complementary minus-or-plus sign (∓) are symbols with broadly similar multiple meanings. In mathematics , the ± sign generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is obtained through addition and the other through subtraction .
fullwidth plus sign u+ff1c ＜ fullwidth less-than sign u+ff1d ＝ fullwidth equals sign u+ff1e ＞ fullwidth greater-than sign u+ff3c \ fullwidth reverse solidus u+ff3e ^ fullwidth circumflex accent u+ff5c ｜ fullwidth vertical line u+ff5e ～ fullwidth tilde u+ffe2 ￢ fullwidth not sign u+ffe9 ￩ halfwidth leftwards arrow u+ffea ...
Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.
[15] [16] But if the p-value of an observed effect is less than (or equal to) the significance level, an investigator may conclude that the effect reflects the characteristics of the whole population, [1] thereby rejecting the null hypothesis. [17] This technique for testing the statistical significance of results was developed in the early ...
The relation not greater than can also be represented by , the symbol for "greater than" bisected by a slash, "not". The same is true for not less than , a ≮ b . {\displaystyle a\nless b.} The notation a ≠ b means that a is not equal to b ; this inequation sometimes is considered a form of strict inequality. [ 4 ]