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The Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square miles, including most of Canada and a large portion of the Northern United States, multiple times during the Quaternary glaciation epochs, from 2.58 million years ago to the present.
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, [1] was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice sheets were at their greatest extent 26,000 and 20,000 years ago. [2]
CLIMAP map of ice sheets, sea temperature changes, and changes in the outline of coastal regions during the last glacial. Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction, known as CLIMAP, was a major research project of the 1970s and 80s to produce a map of climate conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Further north, the Cordilleran is responsible for a large number of glacial landforms scattered across the west of Canada. [6] The rate of thawing has also played a significant role in research surrounding early human migration into the American continents.
After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America (University of Chicago Press: 1992) National Atlas of the USA: Wisconsin Glaciation in North America: Present state of knowledge; Ray, N.; Adams, J.M. (2001). "A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP)" (PDF). Internet Archaeology. 11.
Within ice ages, there exist periods of more severe glacial conditions and more temperate conditions, referred to as glacial periods and interglacial periods, respectively. The Earth is currently in such an interglacial period of the Quaternary glaciation, with the Last Glacial Period of the Quaternary having ended approximately 11,700 years ago.
The Last Glacial Maximum map with vegetation types. Last Glacial Maximum refugia were places in which humans and other species survived during the Last Glacial Period, around 25,000 to 18,000 years ago. [1] Glacial refugia are areas that climate changes were not as severe, and where species could recolonize after deglaciation. [2]
Very large lakes were formed along the glacial margins. The ice on both North America and Europe was about 3,000 m (10,000 ft) thick near the centers of maximum accumulation, but it tapered toward the glacier margins. Ice weight caused crustal subsidence, which was greatest beneath the thickest accumulation of ice.