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Every Laurent polynomial can be written as a rational function while the converse is not necessarily true, i.e., the ring of Laurent polynomials is a subring of the rational functions. The rational function () = is equal to 1 for all x except 0, where there is a removable singularity. The sum, product, or quotient (excepting division by the ...
If the rational root test finds no rational solutions, then the only way to express the solutions algebraically uses cube roots. But if the test finds a rational solution r, then factoring out (x – r) leaves a quadratic polynomial whose two roots, found with the quadratic formula, are the remaining two roots of the cubic, avoiding cube roots.
Polynomials of degree one, two or three are respectively linear polynomials, quadratic polynomials and cubic polynomials. [8] For higher degrees, the specific names are not commonly used, although quartic polynomial (for degree four) and quintic polynomial (for degree five) are sometimes used. The names for the degrees may be applied to the ...
A polynomial function is one that has the form = + + + + + where n is a non-negative integer that defines the degree of the polynomial. A polynomial with a degree of 0 is simply a constant function; with a degree of 1 is a line; with a degree of 2 is a quadratic; with a degree of 3 is a cubic, and so on.
A rational algebraic expression (or rational expression) is an algebraic expression that can be written as a quotient of polynomials, such as x 2 + 4x + 4. An irrational algebraic expression is one that is not rational, such as √ x + 4.
Let = + + +be a polynomial, and , …, be its complex roots (not necessarily distinct). For any constant c, the polynomial whose roots are +, …, + is = = + + +.If the coefficients of P are integers and the constant = is a rational number, the coefficients of Q may be not integers, but the polynomial c n Q has integer coefficients and has the same roots as Q.
A similar discussion applies to any quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are rational numbers. If the polynomial has rational roots, for example x 2 − 4 x + 4 = ( x − 2) 2 , or x 2 − 3 x + 2 = ( x − 2)( x − 1) , then the Galois group is trivial; that is, it contains only the identity permutation.
In the case of the rational numbers this means that any number has two irreducible fractions, related by a change of sign of both numerator and denominator; this ambiguity can be removed by requiring the denominator to be positive. In the case of rational functions the denominator could similarly be required to be a monic polynomial. [8]