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Caudal regression syndrome, or sacral agenesis (or hypoplasia of the sacrum), is a rare birth defect. It is a congenital disorder in which the fetal development of the lower spine—the caudal partition of the spine—is abnormal. [1] It occurs at a rate of approximately one per 60,000 live births. [2]
The other two disorders are neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD). [5] [6] Although all have a similar molecular basis for disease, Zellweger syndrome is the most severe of these three disorders. [7] Zellweger syndrome is associated with impaired neuronal migration, neuronal positioning, and brain development. [4]
Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (CDG) Congenital hyperinsulinism; Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) Conjoined twins; Costello syndrome; Craniopagus parasiticus; Cri du chat syndrome; Cyclopia; Cystic fibrosis
Birth defects are divided into two main types: structural disorders in which problems are seen with the shape of a body part and functional disorders in which problems exist with how a body part works. [3] Functional disorders include metabolic and degenerative disorders. [3] Some birth defects include both structural and functional disorders. [3]
Hirschsprung's disease (HD or HSCR) is a birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine. [1] [3] The most prominent symptom is constipation. [1] Other symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and slow growth. [1] Most children develop signs and symptoms shortly after birth.
This birth defect, which is autosomal recessive, is a type of lysosomal storage disorder. The buildup of GAGs in different parts of the body causes symptoms in many different organ systems. [2]: 544 In the US, the incidence rate for Morquio syndrome is estimated at between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 300,000 live births. [1] [3]
At birth, people with Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome typically do not display any signs or symptoms. [4] Signs are revealed early in the affected child's life, with one of the first symptoms often being a significantly prolonged age of learning how to walk. Growth begins normally, but children usually stop growing by age 8.
Inborn errors of metabolism are often referred to as congenital metabolic diseases or inherited metabolic disorders. [2] Another term used to describe these disorders is "enzymopathies". This term was created following the study of biodynamic enzymology , a science based on the study of the enzymes and their products.